Leslie Fay Case Essay Essay Example

Leslie Fay Case Essay Paper 1. In the wake of reconsidering the normal size monetary explanations and the cardinal proportions of Leslie Fay. there a portion of the monetary explanation point that should hold been of impossible to miss inclusion to BDO Seidman: 1 ) . Net saless: the gross incomes has been turning consistently with the exception of the little dot in 1991. which is in opposition to the business downturn. 2 ) . Stock: Leslie Fay has been known for non making up for lost time the way. there ought to be stock discount issue in the dress business. which haven’t been reflected in the stock rundown history however. We will compose a custom exposition test on Leslie Fay Case Essay explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on Leslie Fay Case Essay explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Leslie Fay Case Essay explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer 3 ) A/R: ever a high spot in light of its tendency of camouflage extortion 4 ) . Different resources account: the current and quick proportion of Leslie Fay is essentially higher than the business standard. 5 ) . Risk history: A/P and obligation. to check whether downplayed. 2. Other financial information that the listener may hold got: 1 ) . The agreement or comprehension of Leslie Fay and area shops to check the A/R and risk 2 ) . Documentation with its customer sing its requests 3 ) . Its acknowledgment and terrible obligation record strategy 3. Non-money related components the listener should see: 1 ) . The business 2 ) . Effect of financial framework on this impossible to miss industry and friends 3 ) . The company’s development. history and powers 4 ) . Government mandates that have impacted or will demo the endeavor on the organization 4. Paul Polishan’s laterality has twofold findings on the review: 1 ) . Assume he’s an ethically faultless person who did everything right and held high solidarity and obligation towards the organization. his laterality despite everything shows an interior control bombing which do not have the isolation of duties. Such framework is inclined to the extortion and if Mr. Polishan is sick or missing from work for whatever ground. the account segment may non work great. 2 ) . Mr. Polishan’s laterality clarified the extortion he propagated and covered up. The review should think about this when be aftering the review. Mr. Polishan’s laterality may bespeak a feeble inner control framework. which ought to be assessed at higher danger and increasingly generous preliminary ought to be arranged thus. The review ought to other than ask more individuals. remembering other staff for the money area and the company’s suppliers to check the chronicles rather than seting over the top religion in what Mr. Polishan has attempted to hold the review accept. 5. SEC decided that BDO Seidman’s independency was endangered on the grounds that it’s been audacious in examining the bronzed banners appeared in Leslie Fay’s financial explanations. J. B. Hanauer A ; Co Case 1. Receivables from customers and different protections firm houses ordinarily accounts for 90 % or to a greater degree a brokerage’s whole resources. implementing the greatest inward control peril. The particular perils of J. B. Hanauer incorporates: the all-encompassing obligation of its gross incomes staff. The listener hasn’t adequately mulled over this and didn’t conventionally investigate these perils. Their vulnerabilities were eased by the Hanauer’s reaction to the SEC faces. 2. Hanauer’s listener conveyed the confirmation message to check the being of the history receivables and its dollar esteem. 1 ) For the primary kind of history which conveys acknowledgment adjusts spoke to customers to whom Hanauer owed hard cash at year-end. the listener point is to confirm the hard money balance is directly under the correct name. 2 ) For the second kind stand foring customers who owed hard cash to the protections firm house. the listener point is to confirm the firm’s non overstating it. 3 ) For the third and fourth gathering. the risk is a lot littler since there are little space for the house to make things happen them. 3. For the chronicles the customer didn’t need affirm. the extra processs may include: enquiry of the heading and gross incomes person. peruse affirmations about these accounts and managing history and leave if the customer demands non leting them to validate these chronicles. 4. Material review run limitation is a few moves from the customer making to the dollar esteem enormous bounty to follow up on the client of its monetary articulations if non unveiled. I entirely concur with SEC that Hanauer’s heading forced a stuff extend limitation on the review on the grounds that the dolar estimation of unmailed check chronicles for 18 % to 26 % of dollar estimation of narratives chose for confirmation. which is amazingly material. 5. The review customer ought to be permitted to â€Å"follow† its commitment review companion to another bookkeeping house since it clearly break the independency of the listener in the wake of pounding a relationship with the customers. SOX indicated the â€Å"cooling-off† period for the listener from come ining the customer bearing. this serves a similar plan as great. Flight Transportation Corporation Case 1. Reminder: Thirty. Twenty. 1980 Harrington. As for the FTC’s 5. 2 1000000s of air sanction grosss from IAS. I didn’t happen Rubin’s accounts changing over for lack of affirmation for those minutess. Due to the amazingly materiality and nature of this managing. I recommend us to farther seek after those grosss for the best possible affirmation. I hold my supposition on this issue until the farther grounds. Should we talk this issue or pass on it to the further extent. permit me cognize. Gregory Arnott 2. Measures bookkeeping houses can follow to bring down risks that listeners will give in to their higher-ups when capable disagreements start during the review: 1 ) Internal control framework that isolate duties. thwarting the laterality of certain cardinal workers 2 ) By-laws that keep the privilege of staff from depicting to a further extent while setting extortion 3 ) Regular reappraisal and rating of each staff 3. On the off chance that I was the staff listener who found the phony air sanction net. I expect I have the obligation of passing on it to the going to of further extent. I would portray to my prompt executives to talk the farther advances. on the off chance that he rejects the farther explore. I’ll compose an update to disassociate myself from Harrington’s assurance to acknowledge those gross. 4. Extra review processs applied to the 1981 FTC Cayman net include: 1 ) Confirmation or shock visit to the Cayman ltd. 2 ) Review the affirmation of agreement with Cayman to put the idea of the managing 3 ) Have the FTC bearing gracefully a composed update elucidating the gross of related gathering managing. 4 ) Research or examination of the mediation of those related gathering managing. 5. Deformities in the auditor’s check process: a ) Went to Rubin to validate the gross from Cayman. He’s clearly non the ideal individual to travel. B ) Accepted Rubin’s represent the IAS net without the best possible affirmation. degree Celsiuss ) No farther grounds was expected to be accomplished. 6. Other specific risks of the review: the powerless inward control framework. inadequacy of accreditation. industry downturn. request of large money to back activity. grouping of gross from one significant customer. 7. Explicit advances review houses can take to ensure that customer forced power per unit territory does non unfavorably sway the nature of an independency review: 1 ) . Unmistakably characterize the obligation and right in the commitment note 2 ) . Opportunely and legitimate speaking with the customer in footings of their standpoint being too much high or non 3 ) . Working with the client’s review commission to get through the activity rather than straight with client’s heading 4 ) . Empty if the power per unit region is over the top to the point that endanger the quality if the review

4 interview mistakes youre making in the first ten minutes

4 meeting botches youre making in the initial ten minutes By: Biron Clark Most businesses go through days or even weeks choosing if they need to enlist you, however it just takes them a couple of moments to preclude you. As an Executive Recruiter, I’ve seen direct some urgent slips up from interviewees that have cost them the job.Here are four neglected meeting botches that are costing you bids for employment in the initial 10 minutes of your interview.You’re attempting to choose mid-meet in the event that you need the jobYou ought to have one objective in your meeting †sell yourself and get welcome to the following round simultaneously. Here’s where many employment searchers turn out badly: They begin attempting to choose if they need the activity while additionally attempting to sell them self and intrigue the interviewer.You can assemble realities and pose inquiries to get some answers concerning the job (in actuality you totally should), however never attempt to choose mid-meet if you’re intrigued or not . You’ll be diverted and won’t sell yourself as effectively.I’ve witnessed this again and again as a Recruiter with the individuals I’ve trained and helped.For model, you may hear something that stresses you over the activity, and your vitality level will drop. You may quit attempting to dazzle them. Later in the meeting, you may hearâ a not many extraordinary things and conclude you are intrigued, yet it’s past the point of no return †you didn’t appear to be amped up for the majority of the meeting and they’re not going to welcome you to continue.It’s better to get welcome to keep meeting at organizations you’re not keen on than lose a solitary bid for employment you needed in light of this slip-up. Hold up until you’re home to choose whether you are keen on their job.You don’t appear confidentPeople accumulate an initial introduction outwardly before whatever else. Inside the first or two seconds of seeing you, the questioner is making a decision about you †regardless of whether they don’t acknowledge it. When you’ve tailed them down the foyer and plunked down with them, they’ve effectively accumulated a solid impression of you †regardless of whether it’s positive or negative.This is the significance of a decent handshake, stance and in general body language.This isn’t something you can turn on-and-off freely; particularly when you’re tense and anxious in a meeting. So begin considering non-verbal communication in ordinary discussions to get ready for your meetings. Attempt to hold your shoulders back and your head upright. At the point when you plunk down, abstain from tapping your hands or feet or doing whatever else that will divert the questioner. Work on keeping in touch before your meeting as well, particularly while talking (a great many people think that its simple to hold eye to eye connection while tuning in, howeve r significantly more troublesome while talking).Finally, try to show trust in your capacities and your mastery while noting their questions.You’re the master in your field of work. If not, for what reason would they employ you?So give them you have good thoughts to contribute and are prepared to have an effect and use what you know to support them. This is the thing that top businesses look for.You’re stressing if the questioner likes you or notPeople ask me constantly, â€Å"how will I know whether my meeting is going well?† Here’s what I let them know: Don’t try.Always expect it’s working out in a good way and the organization is keen on you. On the off chance that you begin to stress, you’ll lose certainty and afterward you will do gravely (regardless of whether you were doing fine previously). A few questioners are inviting to everybody, regardless of whether they have no enthusiasm for recruiting you. Different questioners show n ext to zero feeling regardless of whether they consider you’re the ideal qualified for them.So quit stressing, and simply expect you’re offering incredible responses all the way. It’ll be one less thing to stress over and will make your answers come out better.You didn’t ask enough questionsNow, you may be thinking, â€Å"hold on, Biron. I pondered the initial 10 minutes of the meeting. I’m expected to pose my inquiries toward the end, right?†That’s right, yet you ought to likewise pose inquiries all through the interview.Asking questions and assembling data shows them you’re certain about your capacity to get a new line of work, and demanding about which boss you decide to work for (both beneficial things!) So you need to blend inquiries into the discussion normally, instead of hanging tight for them to welcome you to do it. The most straightforward approach to do this is to end a portion of your answers with an inquiry coordi nated back at them.Here’s a case of how this may look:Interviewer: â€Å"Why do you consider you’re a decent qualified for this job?†You: â€Å"Well, my greatest quality is in money related revealing, and from the expected set of responsibilities, it appears that’s a territory you need assistance with the present moment. Is that right? What's more, assuming this is the case, would you be able to reveal to me somewhat more about the team’s needs?†Interviewer: â€Å"Yes, that’s right. Our greatest master simply resigned and we don’t have enough individuals to accomplish the work. We additionally need to make our revealing procedures unmistakably more efficient.†You: â€Å"Very intriguing! My last organization really had a quite wasteful announcing process when I joined three years back and I worked with them to improve it. Do you know where the procedure can be improved most?†This makes a characteristic exchange whe re you can share your insight and begin to be viewed as a specialist. You don’t need to do this with each question, yet attempt to do it once inside the initial 10 minutes, and a few times in each interview.If you follow the counsel above, you’ll stick in employers’ brains and make them significantly more liable to enlist you. About the creator: Biron is a vocation guidance creator, Founder of CareerSidekick.com, and previous Executive Recruiter for in excess of 40 organizations, including adventure subsidized tech startupsâ and Fortune 500 organizations over the US and Europe.

Keep in mind

Keep in mind Ive been involved, in some form or fashion, with MIT Admissions for 4 years now. Ill be honest, I used to know a whole lot more about it, back when I was in the thick of it. Now, my role as a blogger, is to explain what MIT is like, not so much to explain what admissions is like. However, over the years, Ive heard a lot of advice and have even given some of my own. A lot of it is standard stuff, stuff that youll hear all the time and see printed in a bunch of books, but there are two bits of advice that really resonate with me. Theyve also probably been published in books, but having gone through this whole process and watched thousands of others do it as well, I believe these two bits of advice will do you the most good. Interpretations of each can be found on a page of MITs information guide, as shown below (click to enlarge). The first is by yours truly, Advice: If at the end of the application process you feel relieved instead of enriched, then you missed an excellent opportunity to learn about yourself. Students sometimes get so wrapped up in paperwork, forms, essays, and deadlines that applying to college becomes an awful chore that theyre glad to be done with. Unfortunately, this can ruin a large chunk of your senior year of high school. Instead of trying to slam through 15 applications (TOO MANY!), spend a lot of time on one or two, at least at first, and spend a long time just thinking. When you fill out college applications, youre telling a college who you are, which requires you to know who you are. What do you share? Whats most important about the things you do? Which activities mean the most to you? What character traits do you most value? Not everything fits on the application, and itll be up to you to decide what goes on there. If at the end you feel relieved that you finished all of your applications, and not enriched, knowing you better understand yourself, then you missed out. My second piece of advice, which I came up with at the info session a few days ago, expands upon Karens quote in that same info pamphlet. My quote, Advice: MIT has your best interests at heart. If you are completely honest about yourself in your application, you are sure to be happy with the result. If you are accepted to MIT, rest assured that you belong there and will thrive. If you are not accepted, be comfortable knowing that MIT wants you to be happy and knows you wont be as happy at MIT as you may be at another school. MIT Admissions knows which types of students do well and enjoy MIT. Their goal is to admit a class that will be happy, thrive, and enjoy their time at MIT. Some of the most brilliant minds would be miserable at MIT, because its not all about intelligence. For somebody who doesnt live on campus, like you prefrosh, its very difficult to understand what MIT is like. Thats why these blogs exist, but until you live here you just cant know. Be completely honest in your application, even if you think you can get in if you stretch some things. Why? Lets suppose . . . Its freshmen year. Youve struggled through first semester, failing a class or two, and are struggling to finish second semester without failing additional classes. You know that you embellished on your application because you really wanted to attend MIT, but now youre doubting it. What if you cant handle it? What if MIT let you in, thinking you were capable things you lied about? Maybe you were never meant to be there? You dont need to be doubting yourself as you enter finals or a difficult test, you need confidence. If you are completely honest and true in your application, its much easier to approach every test, knowing MIT has full faith in you and let you in for the right reasons. MORAL Be completely honest in your application. Not only will you learn a lot about yourself, but no matter the outcome when decisions come out, it will be for the best. If accepted, congratulations, if not, you are going to be happy elsewhere and MIT is saving you from an experience you are not likely to enjoy.

Karakorum Genghis Khans Capital City

Karakorum (or the Karakorum and occasionally spelled Kharakhorum or Qara Qorum) was the capital city for the great Mongol leader Genghis Khan and, according to at least one scholar, the single most important stopping point on the Silk Road in the 12th and 13th centuries CE. Among its many architectural delights, said William of Rubruck who visited in 1254, was an enormous silver and gold tree created by a kidnapped Parisian. The tree had pipes which poured out wine, mares milk, rice mead, and honey mead, at the bidding of the khan. Key Takeaways: Karakorum The Karakorum was the name of the 13th century capital of Genghis Khan and his son and successor Ãâ€"gà ¶dei Khan, located in the  Orkhon valley of central Mongolia.  It was an important oasis on the Silk Road, which began as a city of yurts and gained a substantial population, a city wall and several palaces for the Khan beginning about 1220.  The Karakorum was cool and dry, and had trouble feeding its population of about 10,000 without importing food from China, which is one of the reasons that Ãâ€"gà ¶dei Khan moved his capital away from the site in 1264.Archaeological remains of the city are not visible on the ground but have been found deeply buried within the walls of the Erdene Zuu monastery. There is little to see at the Karakorum today that dates to the Mongol occupation—a stone tortoise cut in a local quarry as a plinth base is all that remains above ground. But there are archaeological remains inside the grounds of the later monastery Erdene Zuu, and much of the history of Karakorum lives on in historical documents. Information is found in the writings of Ala-al-Din Ata-Malik Juvayni, a Mongol historian who resided there in the early 1250s. In 1254 it was visited by Wilhelm von Rubruk (aka William of Rubruck) [ca 1220–1293], a Franciscan monk who came as an envoy of King Louis IX of France; and the Persian statesman and historian Rashid al-Din [1247–1318] lived in the Karakorum in his role as part of the Mongol court. Foundations Archaeological evidence shows that the first settlement of the Orkhon (or Orchon) River floodplain in Mongolia was a city of trellis tents, called gers or yurts, established in the 8th–9th century CE by the Uighur descendants of the Bronze Age Steppe Societies. The tent city was located on a grassy plain at the base of the Changai (Khantai or Khangai) mountains on the Orkhon river, about 215 miles (350 kilometers) west of Ulaan Bataar. And in 1220, the Mongol emperor Genghis Khan (today spelled Chinggis Khan) established a permanent capital here. Although it wasnt the most agriculturally fertile location, Karakorum was strategically located at the intersection of east-west and north-south Silk Road routes across Mongolia. The Karakorum was expanded under Genghiss son and successor Ãâ€"gà ¶dei Khan [ruled 1229–1241], and his successors as well; by 1254 the town had about 10,000 residents. City on the Steppes According to the report of the traveling monk William of Rubruck, the permanent buildings at the Karakorum included the Khans palace and several large subsidiary palaces, twelve Buddhist temples, two mosques and one eastern Christian Church. The city had an exterior wall with four gates and a moat; the main palace had its own wall. Archaeologists have found the city wall measured 1–1.5 mi (1.5–2.5 km) long, extending to the north of the current Erdene Zuu monastery. Major streets extended into the city center from each of the main gates. Outside the permanent core was a large area where Mongols would pitch their trellis tents (also called gers or yurts), a common pattern even today. The city population was estimated to have been about 10,000 people in 1254, but no doubt it fluctuated seasonally. Its residents were Steppe Society nomads, and even the khan moved residences frequently. Agriculture and Water Control Water was brought into the city by a set of canals leading from the Orkhon River; areas between the city and river were cultivated and maintained by additional irrigation canals and reservoirs. That water control system was established at the Karakorum in the 1230s by Ãâ€"gà ¶dei Khan, and the farms grew barley, broomcorn and foxtail millet, vegetables and spices: but the climate was not conducive to agriculture and most of the food to support the population had to be imported. The Persian historian Rashid al-Din reported that in the late 13th century the population of Karakorum was supplied by five hundred wagons of foodstuff freight per day. More canals were opened in the late 13th century but farming was always insufficient for the needs of the nomadic population which shifted constantly. At different times, farmers might be conscripted into fighting wars, and at others, the khans would conscript farmers from other locations. Workshops The Karakorum was a center for  metalworking, with smelting furnaces located outside the city center. In the central core were a series of workshops, with artisans making trade materials from local and exotic sources. Archaeologists have identified workshops specializing in bronze, gold, copper, and iron working. Local industries produced glass beads and used gems and precious stones to create jewelry. Bone carving and birchbark processing were established; and yarn production is in evidence by the presence of  spindle whorls, although fragments of imported Chinese  silk  have also been found. Ceramics Archaeologists have found plenty of evidence for the local production and importation of pottery. The kiln technology was Chinese; four Mantou-style kilns have been excavated so far within the city walls, and at least 14 more are known outside. Karakorums kilns produced tableware, architectural sculpture, and figurines. Elite types of pottery for the khan were imported from the Chinese ceramic production site of  Jingdezhen, including Jingdezhens famous blue and white wares, by the first half of the 14th century. The End of Karakorum The Karakorum remained the capital of the Mongol Empire until 1264 when Kublai Khan became emperor of China and moved his residence to Khanbaliq (also called Dadu or Daidu, in what is today modern Beijing). Some archaeological evidence suggests that occurred during a significant drought. The move was a cruel one, according to recent research: the adult men went to Daidu, but the women, children and elderly were left behind to tend the herds and fend for themselves. The Karakorum was largely abandoned in 1267, and completely destroyed by Ming dynasty troops in 1380 and never rebuilt. In 1586, the Buddhist monastery Erdene Zuu (sometimes Erdeni Dzu) was founded in this location. Archaeology The ruins of Karakorum were re-discovered by the Russian explorer N.M. Yadrinstev in 1880, who also found the Orkhon Inscriptions, two monolithic monuments with Turkish and Chinese writings dated to the 8th century. Wilhelm Radloff surveyed Erdene Zuu and environs and produced a topographic map in 1891. The first significant excavations at the Karakorum were led by Dmitrii D. Bukinich in the 1930s. A Russian-Mongolian team led by Sergei V. Kiselev conducted excavations in 1948-1949; Japanese archaeologist Taichiro Shiraishi conducted a survey in 1997. Between 2000-2005, a German/Mongolian team led by the Mongolian Academy of Science, the German Archaeological Institute and the University of Bonn, conducted excavations. The 21st-century excavations have found that the Erdene Zuu monastery was likely built on top of the Khans palace site. Detailed excavations so far have been focused on the Chinese quarter, although a Muslim cemetery has been excavated. Sources Ambrosetti, Nadia. Improbable Mechanics: A Short History of Fake Automata. Explorations in the History of Machines and Mechanisms: History of Mechanism and Machine Science. Ed. Ceccarelli, Marco. Vol. 15. Dordrecht, Germany: Springer Science, 2012. 309-22. Print.Eisma, Doeke. Agriculture on the Mongolian Steppe. The Silk Road 10 (2012): 123-35. Print.Heussner, Anne. Preliminary Report on the Ceramics of Chinese Origin Found East of the Old Mongolian Capital Karakorum. The Silk Road 10 (2012): 66-75. Print.Park, Jang-Sik, and Susanne Reichert. Technological Tradition of the Mongol Empire as Inferred from Bloomery and Cast Iron Objects Excavated in . Journal of Archaeological Science 53 (2015): 49-60. Print.KarakorumPederson, Neil, et al. Pluvials, Droughts, the Mongol Empire, and Modern Mongolia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111.12 (2014): 4375-79. Print.Pohl, Ernst, et al. Production Sites in Karakorum and Its Environment: A New Archaeological Project in the Orkhon Valley, Mongolia. The Silk Road 10 (2012): 49-65. Print.Rogers, J. Daniel. Inner Asian States and Empires: Theories and Synthesis. Journal of Archaeological Research 20.3 (2012): 205-56. Print.Turner, Bethany L., et al. Diet and Death in Times of War: Isotopic and Osteological Analysis of Mummified Human Remains from Southern Mongolia. Journal of Archaeological Science 39.10 (2012): 3125-40. Print.

Essay about Mill vs Dostoevsky - 1064 Words

â€Å"For what is freedom? That one has the will to assume responsibility for oneself.† (Nietzsche. Twilight of the Idols. Trans. Hollingdale. Sect. 38). Everyone desires freedom but everyone cannot handle the responsibilities of freedom. I will compare J.S. Mill’s views on the social function of freedom with that of Fyodor Dostoevsky’s characters from both, the novel Notes From Underground and the excerpt; The Grand Inquisitor, also drawing supplementary arguments from Friedrich Nietzsche, while expressing my views alongside. Mill’s core assumption of man is that he is a rational being who will strive to maximize his own utility. â€Å"I regard utility as the ultimate appeal†¦ on the permanent interests of man as a progressive being.† (Mill. On†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å" Come, try, give anyone of us, for instance, a little more independence, untie our hands, widen the spheres of our activities, relax the controls and we- yes, I assure you- we would immediately beg to be under control again.† (Dostoevsky. Notes From Underground. Trans. Matlaw. 121). â€Å"Man was created a rebel; and how can rebels be happy?†(Dostoevsky. The Grand Inquisitor. Trans. Matlaw. 131). Nietzsche elaborates on this point by affirming the idea that we are made up of two instinctual drives: the Dionysian, which causes us to be passionate, impulsive and unrestrained, and the Apollonian which makes us disciplined, restrained and controlled beings. Mill and other utilitarian’s like Jeremy Bentham denies the former. I embrace this idea that most of us are creatures of chaos, who are born wild and need to be tamed by the structures of society. What type of society would we live in if people did not believe in sins, or heaven and hell? Although we would like to deny it, the reality is that the greater majority of the human race is not capable of living without paternalistic laws, and moral limitations that stem from religious doctrines. J.S. Mill would strongly disagree with this statement: â€Å" That the only purpose for which power can be rig htfully exercised over any member of a civilized community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others.†Show MoreRelatedExistentialism vs Essentialism23287 Words   |  94 Pages------------------------------------------------- Essentialism vs. Existentialism Essentialism: A belief that things have a set of characteristics that make them what they are, amp; that the task of science and philosophy is their discovery amp; expression; the doctrine that essence is prior to existence While, Existentialism:A philosophical theory or approach, that emphasizes the existence of the individual person as a free amp; responsible

K †12 Free Essays

Opinion â€Å"On the Lighter Side† If the K-12 Education Plan becomes successful, then the Philippine education system can become more competitive among other countries countries around the world. Though there are still some problems that the government needs to solve before they can successfully implement the plan. The proposed program is good but it still won’t work if the needed elements to make it work isn’t present. We will write a custom essay sample on K – 12 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Such elements includes the addressed problems mentioned above, especially the number of public school classrooms plus the adequate supply of classroom chairs, books, etc. If the government could allot a bigger budget to educational needs, then we could be one-step ahead towards the success of the K-12 program. Furthermore, parents (especially those who belongs in the poor sector) should be properly informed and motivated of the advantages of the K-12 Education Plan. This is very important since parents plays a major role in providing the child’s school allowances, supplies, and fees for other school projects and activities. Add to that the support of parents towards their children in terms of guidance and teaching. Once this succeeds, it is best hoped that Filipino students would be more literate, skilled, and competitive to be able to find jobs more easily and contribute to the country’s pride as well as the country’s economy. As speculations continue of what the K-12 Education Plan will specifically be, it is still best to hear the full details of the proposal this upcoming October 2010. Read more: http://www. bukisa. com/articles/334773_editorial-k-12-education-in-the-philippines#ixzz15apkqL00 How to cite K – 12, Papers

The Importance of Music in Our Daily Lives Essay Example For Students

The Importance of Music in Our Daily Lives Essay Music is considered as a popular entertainment way for all people in worldwide. It is very easy to recognize that they listen to music for different reasons and at different times. The reason why music plays an important role in peoples life is also good for physical and mental I health. Firstly, music also has a calming effect on the physical health. A study was performed in the participants, who had an average age of fifty, were recruited from pain and chiropractic tic clinic in the USA. Dividing them into two groups, the doctors encouraged the first to listen t o their favorite kinds of music every day, but the other did not. At the end of the trial, Dry Sided Aleck, one of the doctors did this research, said that, our result shows that listening to muss ICC had a statistically significant effect on the experimental group, reducing pain, depression, a ND disability and increasing feelings of power. A more powerful aspect of music is that it profoundly affects mental health. Nowadays s, it is easy for people to get stress and pressure because of nature forces from the inside o r outside world. Music is the most popular entertainment way to decrease stress and improve anxiety and depression. In fact, music is helpful to promote sleep or relaxation. Previous Reese arch by Professor Good and Huh Ling La, published in 2005, showed that listening to foreteller minutes of soft music before bedtime can improve sleep by more than a third. In add action, according to other research, music can help people eliminate stress and pressure aft era hard work day. In conclusion, music is very important to many people. There are many researches an d real evidences to point out that listening to music every day is good for physical and meet al health indeed. Bothersome, there are also many kinds of music, such as Pop, Rock, Classical, Blue, Disco Therefore, you have many choices to choose what music you IL eke best to relax , to enjoy, especially to practice if you wanted to be a musician. Deed

Alternative Medicine - Med School Application Essay EDITED

Edited EssayMy reticence regarding traditional medicine does not result from want of experienceindeed, I have spent so much time in hospitals during my life that I am all too familiar with traditional treatments. Born with various congenital defects, my life has been a blur of cardiac, thoracic, and gastrointestinal surgeries, and by the age of five, I was as familiar with taking medication as I was with eating cornflakes.Without denying the substantial benefits I have derived from my treatments, I nonetheless believe that the maintenance of health depends as much upon the promotion of wellness as it does upon the combating of disease. This is a lesson I have learned from my paternal grandparents. Considerably older than my maternal grandparents, my fathers parents always seemed youthful and vigorous. They exercised regularly, ate a balanced diet, used alternative therapies, and had a great deal of joy in their lives. By contrast, my maternal grandparents seemed driven by an almost m orbid obsession with disease. Although they sought aggressive Western medical treatments, my maternal grandparents ultimately passed on fifteen years ago, while my paternal set are still leading healthy lives into their nineties.Since my mother raised me, her beliefs dictated my own health care treatments. We did not consider any alternative therapies to help with my childhood illnesses; all the relief I received came with a prescription. When I went to college and became ill again, I decided that it was time for me to try something new. I turned to my paternal grandparents for advice, asking my grandmother about herbal treatments, nutrition, and lifestyle. She encouraged me to read more about oriental medicine and look beyond my symptoms to the deeper root causes of my illness. Eventually, through a combination of herbal supplements and dietary and lifestyle changes, I was able to wean myself from a diet of prescriptions and gradually find balance in my health.Unfortunately, such k nowledge did not come to my mother. A few years after my medical epiphany, she was diagnosed with an autoimmune disease of unknown etiology. Despite my urging that she investigate wellness-based treatment, my mother reacted to her illness in the same way her parents had reacted to theirs: by ignoring it. A few more years passed, and she developed fibromyalgia. Diagnosed with the same unknown autoimmune disease, my mothers sisters found relief in acupuncture and yoga, but my mother turned to surgery to treat her pain. Unfortunately, surgery could not ease her suffering, and my mother still experienced far more discomfort than her sisters.While I recognize that anecdotal data is by definition inconclusive, I nonetheless have enough personal and familial experience with illness to be a firm believer in the power of alternative therapies to dramatically improve peoples lives. Traditional Western medicine certainly has its place, but an individuals role in actively managing his or her ow n health cannot be denied. Health is not something that can be taken for granted, and for me, the responsibility of maintaining health reaches beyond caring for myself.Over the past two years, I have faced the toughest test of my convictions by caring for a dear friend who suffers with HIV. Spending many hours by his side, I have seen how the combination of oriental medicine with traditional Western pharmaceuticals has worked wonders in helping him maintain his vitality. Spending time with him in the hospital, I have massaged his muscles to relieve myalgias and provided him with the moral support that is crucial to effective recovery. This experience has solidified my interest in alternative treatments, and I cannot imagine a more fulfilling and compassionate way to spend my life than by promoting the wellness of others.Customers Comments is wonderful! My editors responses to my e-mails were prompt and incredibly thorough. Her edits added much color and a great flow to my essay. I l oved the way she articulated my ideas so masterfully. She is a gifted editor. I am definitely going to seek her services as I work on my secondaries.CritiqueDear Jane,I read your essay with great interest. It is clear that you have experienced a great deal and that you have developed unique insights into health and illness. Despite the concern you expressed about your lack of experience with alternative treatments, I feel that you have something that is much more importantthe insight and wisdom that will allow you to become a compassionate healer.Your essay was quite good. The most important changes I made were tightening up your language, removing unnecessary passages, and restructuring your essay to improve its flow. Employing a chronological structure in your essay helps the reader understand the evolution of your ideas.Overall, my editing sought to refine your descriptions in order to make your essay even more captivating and convincing. In general, I maintained the basic struct ure of your paragraphs but made many changes at the sentence level. I rephrased some parts that sounded awkward, varied vocabulary, corrected spelling mistakes, adjusted sentence structure and punctuation, and shortened some of your passages.The following are specific comments on the individual paragraphs of your essay:Paragraph 1This is the most important paragraph of the piece. It sets the tone and hooks the readers interest. Your original first paragraph alluded to your work experience, juxtaposing the effectiveness of Western and alternative medicine. This is a fine approach, but you have a much more compelling detailthe story of your own illnessthat could illustrate your point much more effectively. Here is my suggestion for an alternative introduction:My reticence regarding traditional medicine does not result from want of experienceindeed, I have spent so much time in hospitals during my life that I am all too familiar with traditional treatments. Born with various congenital defects, my life has been a blur of cardiac, thoracic, and gastrointestinal surgeries, and by the age of five, I was as familiar with taking medication as I was with eating cornflakes.This new introduction is short and concise, but also quite compelling.Also, please note that very specific details engage the reader and secure his interest. For instance, you should try to avoid excessively general sentences like, Much of my early life was spent in hospitals and while the operations I underwent corrected various congenital defects; I was constantly ill.What congenital defects did you have? Your readers will be interested in knowing this detail, particularly if your defects belong to a known syndrome. What surgeries did you have? I guessed cardiac, thoracic, and GI surgeries since these are common surgeries for congenital abnormalities. Please be sure to replace these details with surgeries that apply to you.The rest of the original first paragraph contained information that you dealt with later, so I omitted this information in order to avoid redundancy.Paragraph 2I integrated the details of this paragraph into the revised introduction. In an essay this short, it is not necessary to devote entire paragraphs to transitions. See how I have streamlined your ideas to transition more rapidly between the first and second paragraphs.Paragraphs 3 4I combined these two paragraphs since the latter serves as a powerful introduction to the former.Be sure to avoid repetitive sentences in your writing. For instance, the following two sentences are redundant: It became clear to me that I needed to look beyond symptoms. I needed to work backwards to get to the possible root causes.Instead of repeating the phrase, I needed, I instead collapsed this sentence to: She encouraged me to read more about oriental medicine and look beyond my symptoms to the deeper root causes of my illness.Paragraph 5This paragraph was generally effective, but it required a few essential adjustments. In describing your mothers diagnosis with an autoimmune disease, you cannot accurately say that she faced her own mortality unless you give more detail. People usually face their own mortality in car accidents or when confronted with life-threatening illnesses. You do not give the reader enough detail to understand why your mothers autoimmune disease was so threatening, especially since you say that her health became worse when she developed fibromyalgia. This disease, while debilitating, is certainly not life-threatening.Another nit-picky point: do not use quotations in formal essays unless you are directly quoting someones speech. Also, the medical term would be unknown etiology, not pathology (you would use pathology to describe a tissue biopsy, not a medical diagnosis). This is not a big deal, but it is good to be accurate.The rest of this paragraph was great. You built a terrific case for alternative therapies and for your decision to pursue a career in this type of healing.In sum, I tightened up this paragraph so that it now reads:Unfortunately, such knowledge did not come to my mother. A few years after my medical epiphany, she was diagnosed with an autoimmune disease of unknown etiology. Despite my urging that she investigate wellness-based treatment, my mother reacted to her illness in the same way her parents had reacted toward theirs: by ignoring it. A few more years passed, and she developed fibromyalgia. Diagnosed with the same unknown autoimmune disease, my mothers sisters found relief in acupuncture and yoga, but my mother turned to surgery to treat her pain. Unfortunately, not even surgery could ease her suffering, and my mother still experienced far more discomfort than her sisters.Paragraph 6I suggested some important conceptual changes to this paragraph. While you make a great case for the value of alternative therapies, you should not discount the worth of traditional medicine altogether. Instead, I suggest showing how your interest in alte rnative therapies is predicated upon the assumption that there is a proper time and place for each type of treatment. See my suggestions in the text.Paragraph 7You chose a great way to end your piece. This is the second most important paragraph in the essay because it is the last thing the reader will read before making his decision.Nonetheless, this paragraph could be improved by adding a few more details. What have you done for your friend with HIV? I imagined, based upon my clinical knowledge, that your friend has suffered infections, muscle aches (myalgias), and repeated hospitalizations, but you should replace these details with something accurate.I wrote the following, but be sure to substitute specific details of how you assisted in your friends treatment:Spending time with him in the hospital, I massaged his muscles to relieve myalgias, and provided him with the moral support that is crucial to effective recovery. This experience has solidified my interest in alternative tre atments, and I cannot imagine a more fulfilling and compassionate way to spend my life than by promoting the wellness of others.Again, the content of your essayand your visionis wonderful. It was a pleasure to read and edit your work. I think that some careful fine-tuning and restructuring has made this essay into a clear, powerful expression of your ideas, goals and values, and should make a wonderful impression on the admissions committee.Best of luck with the admissions process. Please keep in touch and let me know about your successes. That is the most gratifying part of this work.

Obama and the White House Christmas Tree Myth

Obama and the White House Christmas Tree Myth There are many vicious rumors about President Barack Obama and his religion. One such myth is that Obama is a closet Muslim. Another alleges Obama canceled the National Day of Prayer. See more: 5 Wacky Myths About Obama Heres one more oddball, and wrong, claim that makes the rounds at Christmastime: The Obamas did away with the traditional White House Christmas tree beginning in 2009 in favor of a secular holiday tree. Myth of the Obama Holiday Tree Spreads A widely circulated email reads, in part: We have a friend at church who is a very talented artist. For several years she, among many others, has painted ornaments to be hung on the various White House Christmas trees. The WH sends out an invitation to send an ornament and informs the artists of the theme for the year. She got her letter from the WH recently. It said that they would not be called Christmas trees this year. They will be called Holiday trees. And, to please not send any ornaments painted with a religious theme. The myth of the Obama holiday tree is just a bunch of holiday hooey. The origins of the email are unknown, and thus suspect. The White House has denied ever sending such a letter instructing artists not to send ornaments with religious themes. How the Obamas Refer to the Tree The Obamas themselves refer to the tree that adorns the White House Blue Room as a Christmas tree, not a holiday tree. First Lady Michelle Obama, speaking with the president on his weekly radio address on Dec. 24, 2009, made reference to the White House Christmas tree. This is our first Christmas in the White House, and we are so grateful for this extraordinary experience, Mrs. Obama said. Not far from here, in the Blue Room, is the official White House Christmas tree. Its an 18-foot tall Douglas-fir from West Virginia and its decorated with hundreds of ornaments designed by people and children from all over the country. Each one is a reminder of the traditions we cherish as Americans and the blessings were thankful for this holiday season. The official White House website, by the way, contains not a single reference to any holiday tree. And the National Christmas Tree Association, whose members have presented the official White House tree for the Blue Room since 1966, also calls it a Christmas tree, not a holiday tree. Its time for this holiday hoax to be nipped in the bud. True Facts About the White House Christmas Tree The White House Christmas Tree, not to be confused with the National Christmas Tree, is the official indoor Christmas tree at the White House. The National Christmas Tree is the much larger tree installed annualy on the Ellipse outside the White House. The â€Å"first† White House Christmas Tree is believed to have been installed by either President Franklin Pierce during the 1850s or by President Benjamin Harrison during the late 1880s. The tradition of the First Lady choosing a decorative theme for the tree began in 1961, when First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy selected a Nutcracker motif. Earlier Christmas Controversies The Obama tree is far from the first White House Christmas to spark criticism. In 1899, the Chicago Daily Tribune urged President William McKinley to drop what the newspaper called the â€Å"Christmas tree habit,† in reference to backers of the â€Å"forestry fad† of the day, which had called the cutting of Christmas trees â€Å"arboreal infanticide.† Others called Christmas trees â€Å"un-American,† being a historically German tradition. In 1899, only one Christmas tree was placed inside the White House- in the kitchen for the maids. In 1969, at the height of the Cold War, President Richard Nixon’s choice of the atomic symbol rather than a traditional religious star as a White House tree topper drew harsh rebuke. In 1995, President Bill Clinton was criticized for â€Å"politicizing† the tree. The controversy surrounded an ornament that depicted two Christmas stockings, one marked â€Å"Bill† and one marked â€Å"Newt,† in reference to Democrat Clinton’s arch political rival, Republican Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich. The stocking marked â€Å"Bill† was filled with candy and gifts, while the one marked â€Å"Newt† was full of coal.

Triage protocol Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Triage protocol - Dissertation Example The protocol is defined in such a manner that its implementation depends on the definition of the treatment to be offered; this is because it contains both inclusion and exclusion criteria, which appropriately informs the triage nurses about the exact time to request X-Rays to avoid subjecting patients to excessive radiation. Constant review of the protocol will be conducted quarterly to ensure its appropriateness. 2. Outline the rationale for selecting the change The triage protocol suggested for implementation will help provide rapid health care services for patients in critical conditions within the emergency rooms in hospitals. Request of X-rays by triage nurses through the protocol reduces the waiting time by about 18 minutes, which leads to satisfaction of both the patients and the hospital staff (Crinson, 1999). This process entails the involvement of triage nurses, who must possess the ability to make quick decisions. In addition, triage nurses must have a high level of liste ning and communication skills and extensive knowledge of warning signs and symptoms. It is important to note that these field nurses must have vast experience in emergency medicine to be able to become triage nurses (Ward, 1999). According to the Department of Health (1997), triage is critically important since it is the foremost assessment in patient care. The surest way to save resources is to identify and separate the critically injured from the patients with less severe conditions. The new triage protocol is ready for implementation to ensure that patients’ safety is taken care of and that patients are identified accurately (Davies, 1994b). 3. Discuss the organisational impact you hope the change will have and the expected outcome(s) According to the Department of Health (1997), the new triage protocol has diverse impacts in terms of how hospitals operate. The protocol is expected to bring quality in health care provision through effectiveness and efficiency of healthcare delivery. The program will also boost the employee welfare in terms of the learning and education of the nurses. Triage is, therefore, very important in hospitals, most so in emergency departments worldwide, as it helps prevent overcrowding. Therefore, it improves emergency care through prioritization during clinical emergencies. Despite resource consumption variations in patients, triage nurses are urged through ESI resource and through prediction thinking to solve the presented emergencies (Cutts, 1999). It is also in addition that resources in emergency departments consume general resources. For instance, a provider seeing a very old patient with an in dwelling urinary catheter and complaints of fever and cough will call for blood order and urine test with chest X-Ray. The triage nurse can, therefore, accurately predict the patients’ needs for two or more resources and thus be able to classify the patient as ESI level 3 through triage protocol. According to the Department of Health (2000), the outcomes of this change will be the ability for the future advancement of the same protocol; it will also ensure that there is ease in distinguishing between the responder and the

Karl Marx and Capitalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Karl Marx and Capitalism - Essay Example The basic premise of Marx’s theory about the value of labor is the claim that the value of a commodity is defined by the average number of labor-hours that go into its production. Then, the profit a capitalist makes when such a commodity is sold is what forms the surplus value of the commodity, and is not his rightful share but what he makes by cheating the laborer. The capitalist buys labour-power in order to use it; and labour-power in use is labour itself. † (Kelso, 2005, n.p.) Here, if one were to take into account the scientific and technological developments the world has seen since the industrial revolution, we find that it’s the capital-provider who becomes the rightful recipient of the profits made by them by selling the product. Let me elaborate. With the advancement of technology, we have seen times, as much as we are seeing now, the production of machines that create more machines, automated ones too, which create a commodity that is sold. The machines themselves form a commodity too. Thus the profits that are brought home would be deserved by the ones that produced them: the machines which are owned by the capitalist, and hence the profit should go to him or her. Besides, if a product’s value were to be defined by the number of labor-hours that go into it’s making, then the fundamental paradox that is brought out is an interesting one: how can a product, say, an automated coffee-maker be of such a low value as the number of man-hours a labourer spends in operating the machine that makes it?

Analysis Of Radicalisation And Extremism Criminology Essay

Analysis Of Radicalisation And Extremism Criminology Essay Radicalisation is a complex term which has different meanings and can be used in different contexts. To be radicalised does not necessarily mean that one has to resort to violence or terrorism. It is not a synonym to extreme religious teachings or activities either. Radicalism can be intolerant behaviour or intolerance towards the views of other people. It can be intolerance towards homosexuality, ethnicity, race, colour, religion. Being radical can be intolerance towards the western culture or Asian immigrants living in Britain as well. The US Southern Baptists do not recognise homosexuality as a valid alternative lifestyle (Kahn, 2006). The army of God, a Christian extremist group in the US murders doctors who practice abortion (Gray, 2007). A former Dutch immigration minister sought to deny asylum to lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender Iranians, threatening to deport them back to Iran which imposes a death penalty on homosexual conduct (Human Rights Watch, 2007). Do the above examples not illustrate radical and extremist behaviour? Therefore Radicalisation can vary from having extreme views about something to intolerant behaviour towards certain people, to violent radicalisation which has severe consequences. For the purpose of this research we shall look into extremist radicalisation or violent radicalisation with religious or political aims. According to Precht (2007), Radicalisation is a process of adopting an extremist belief system and the willingness to use, support, or facilitate violence and fear as a method of effecting changes in society. In this definition we can see that a person is radicalised when they adopt an extremist belief system and perceive society as defective and aim to change it through non-violent or violent ways. There is a very fine line between extremism and radicalisation. According to Archbishop Desmond Tutu extremism is when you do not allow for a different point of view; when you hold your own views as being quite exclusive; when you dont allow for the possibility of difference (Tutu, 2006). One could argue that there is nothing wrong with extremism or radicalisation, as it does not necessarily lead to violence but on the other hand the very fine line can easily be crossed over. However when extremism starts to have a political end, for example to force governments to the table of negotiation or to changes in policy it then converges into radicalisation (Davies, 2008). And when the willingness to use violence for a political or religious change combines with this radicalisation it can lead to terrorism. Radicalisation is a process where an individual adopts extreme political or religious ideas and goals, becoming convinced that the attainment of these goals justifies extreme methods (Ongering, 2007). In the context of this research we shall look into Islamist radicalisation or violent Islamism. Before we look into the literature we should not confuse the terms Islam and Islamist. Islam is a religion and the follower of this religion is known as a Muslim not an Islamist. Islamist or Islamism is a term coined by the West to differentiate between Islam the faith or religion and Islamism as the ideology or political Islam. Islamism refers to a political ideology that strives to create a state and society in conformity with religious doctrine and Shariah (Islamic) law. An Islamist is a person who uses religious arguments to further political goals; in contrast a militant Islamist or violent Islamism is when there is a willingness to use violence to advance their goals (Precht, 2007). Again there is a difference between adopting political Islam in a non-violent way, as many Muslim organisations in the contemporary world do, and adopting political Islam in a violent way portrayed by the violent acts perpetrated in the name of Islam by certain groups and individuals who distort the teachings of Islam in their own extremist ways. It is the latter that leads to terrorism. How do young Muslims become radicalised and resort to violence. There have been numerous studies with respect to the process of radicalization. In the view of the NYPD (New York City Police Department) study, the adoption of the Salafi-Jihadi ideology is a key driver that motivates young men and women to carry out acts of violence and terrorism (Silber and Bhatt, 2007). This study conducted by the NYPD (Silber and Bhatt, 2007) suggests that the radicalisation process is composed of four distinct phases. The first phase is pre- radicalisation, in which an individual has a normal life and this is a period before the journey to extremism and the adoption of Salafi-Jihadi ideology. The second stage is self-identification, where individuals explore Salafi Islam and move away from their old identity towards a new world view and begin to associate themselves with like minded people. The catalyst in this phase usually is a cognitive opening or a crisis like losing a job or international conflicts involving Muslims. The third stage in the process is indoctrination, where the adopted Salafi-Jihadi ideology intensifies. This leads the individual into militant jihad and this phase is usually facilitated and driven by a spiritual sanctioner. While the final and fourth stage is jihadization, where individuals accept their duty to participate in jihad and self designate themselves as holy warriors. Ultimately they begin operational training for jihad or terrorist attacks (Silber and Bhatt, 2007). For Silber and Bhatt (2007) a person is radicalised when they go through these stages in a systematic way as if it were a funnel. Some would go all the way through the funnel and become terrorists and others would exit in any of the early stages. An important point to note in their study is: Entering the process does not mean one will progress through all four stages and become a terrorist. However, it also does not mean that if one does not become a terrorist, he or she is no longer a threat. Individuals who have been radicalized but are not jihadists may serve as mentors and agents of influence to those who might become the terrorists of tomorrow (Silber and Bhatt, 2007:84) I beg to differ with Silber and Bhatt (2007) on the observation quoted above. It is not necessary that if a person does not go through the whole process of radicalisation and exits at some stage, we should still perceive him or her as a threat. There is ample evidence that many individuals who have been radicalised and who do not become terrorists can still continue and live as normal peace loving citizens. They do not always serve as mentors or agents of influence for the terrorists of tomorrow. If we study biographies of former Islamist radicals or extremists, we do come across real life examples of people like Ed Husain, Majid Nawaz, Shiraz Maher and Hassan Bhatt who joined radical Islam in Britain, got radicalized to a great extent and then left it, becoming normal peace loving citizens of their country (Biggar and Hogan, 2009). Ed Hussain, a former Islamist radical tells his story of how he joined radical Islamist groups in Britain, moving from Jamaat Islami to Young Muslims Organisation (YMO) and then to the more radicalised Hizb-ut-Tahrir. After several years of activism in radical Islamist groups he finally realized in the mid 90s that he was disillusioned with these groups and became more interested in traditional Sufi Islam and non political scholars in Islam. Living a normal life with his wife in Britain, he is a devout Muslim and a believer in traditional Islamic teachings and has shunned radical and political Islam (Husain, 2007). Realizing how he misinterpreted Islam initially and fell prey to radical and political Islam; and viewed Islam as an ideology rather than a religion, he states: For me, being a Muslim is not a political identity- Islam does not teach us a monolithic approach to life. The Prophet did not create new systems of government, but adopted existing paradigms from seventh-century Arabia (Husain, 2007:269) This refutes Silber and Bhatts (2007) study because their radicalisation process does not acknowledge that radicalized individuals can revert back to a normal peace loving life. It does not have room for individuals who have been radicalised and then shunned radicalisation, as they are still seen as a threat in their model. Husain furthers his argument and explains how he feels about the non political nature of Islam, In Mecca I met Muslims who were unalike in their background and culture but united in their belief. For me that is the true ummah- a spiritual community, not a political bloc (Husain, 2007: 269-70). Another example is Majid Nawaz, who got involved with radical Islamist groups in Britain and later realized how he had misinterpreted Islam: As I studied various branches of traditional Islamic sciences, however, I grew more and more surprised. The sheer breadth of scholastic disagreement that I found, on issues I had believed were so definitive in Islam, surprised meà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ It slowly dawned on me that what I had been propagating was far from true Islam. I began to realise that what I had subscribed to was actually Islamism sold to me in the name of Islam (Nawaz, 2007). However, having explicated that, it does not mean that the study carried out by Silber and Bhatt (2007) does not hold any relevance at all regarding the radicalisation process. I concur with their view that extreme religious ideology (Salafi-Jihadi) is a key driver that motivates young people to get radicalised. The spread of Salafi-Jihadi ideology and books by radical ideologues such as Mawdudi and Syed Qutb have proven to have great influence in the radicalisation process of individuals (Husain, 2007; Nawaz, 2007; Change Institute, 2008) I will shed some light on another model of the radicalisation process with similarities to Silber and Bhatts (2007) model. Tomas Prechts (2007) analysis on the radicalisation process is similar with the four stages by Silber and Bhatt (2007). Precht (2007) explains that there is no single cause or catalyst for radicalisation. One of the differences in these models is that in Prechts model, he focuses on the far broader cause of extremism rather than the individuals adoption of the Salafi-Jihadi ideology in his conversion and identification stage. He focuses on three broad sets of causes which are: Background factors: a Muslim identity crisis, experiences of discrimination, alienation and perceived injustices Trigger factors: Western foreign policy and provocative events, the presence of a charismatic leader or adviser and the glorification of jihad Opportunity factors: These are venues or locations where like minded people meet for the purpose of radicalisation by giving inspiration or serving as recruiting grounds. For example the internet, mosques, schools and universities and sports activities (Precht, 2007). For Precht radicalisation or terrorism is: Largely viewed as a sociological phenomenon where issues like belonging, identity, group dynamics, and values are an important element in the transformation process. Religion, as such, play an important role, but for some it probably rather serves as a vehicle for fulfilling other goals (Precht, 2007:71) Criticizing the religious ideology driven radicalisation process, Sageman (2004), emphasises the role of social bonds in the radicalisation process, social bonds play a more important role in the emergence of the global Salafi Jihad than ideology (Sageman, 2004:178). In another research study he concludes that the terrorists studied during trials in Western Europe and North America were not intellectuals or ideologues (Sageman, 2008:156-7). He believes that less focus should be placed on ideology and religion and instead the discourse should focus more on social networking to radicalisation and the jihad movement. Studying the profiles of radical Islamists we can see many inconsistencies. Some are well educated, some are well off, others genuinely poor, some are married, others single, some are western born and educated, others are foreign students, and some had integrated well in western society while others less so (Al-Lami, 2008) On the other hand certain similarities have also been identified in studying radicalised individuals. A key factor is that the majority of Muslim youth in the west who became radicalised or got involved in terrorism were religious novices. They had superficial knowledge of Islam and were easy lured into radical and extremist ideologies, distorting their interpretation of Islam. Since they were novices they could not authenticate this extreme version of Islam taught to them by radical preachers (Sageman, 2004; Choudhury, 2007; Husain, 2007). An interesting concept about radicalisation is offered by Mandel (2008), who says to be radical is to be extreme relative to something that is defined or accepted as normative, traditional, or valued as the status quo. What he means is that its a matter of perspectives. What one group may regard as radical, another may regard that as normal or acceptable. Adversaries may each regard the others act and motivating belief systems as extreme, perhaps overly so. In this sense, the attribution of being a radical or radicalised may be intended by the attributer as a negative characterization of the attributee. More specifically, the attributer may use the term radical to convey that the attributee poses a source of threat to the attributers traditional way of life (Mandel, 2008:9) Keeping this concept of perspectives in mind, it implies that for liberal governments in Britain, Islamists or Jihadists are seen as radicals who threaten their way of life. But for the Islamists the label may be seen as a virtuous characteristic associated with attempts to return to a society in line with their own belief systems and values. But this kind of concept can be a bit problematic in the sense that there is no universal definition of what is right and what is wrong. There are no black and white truths when it comes to belief systems or ways of life. What would be the limit of going radical in either direction, whether liberal or Islamist? Some scholars do not differentiate between the different forms of Islam and see the problem with Islam as a whole rather than with Islamism or radical forms of Islam. In their view Muslims are a different civilization altogether, and are convinced about the superiority of their culture (Huntington, 1996). The problem with this view is that it treats Islam as monolithic and uniform religion. In reality Islam is not like that and has many different faces and interpretations across both historical time and at the present (Murshed and Pavan, 2009:3). Identity politics is another key factor that contributes to radicalisation. Muslim youth in the West feel a need to carve out their own identities, because they cannot relate to their parents ethnic communities and the Western societies they live in simultaneously. Another key catalyst for radicalisation and terrorism is western foreign policy, which has backfired domestically; conflicts in Iraq, Afghanistan, Palestine, Bosnia and Chechnya come to be seen as crusades against Muslims (Al-Lami, 2008). Socio-economic disadvantage and political factors such as the Wests foreign policy with regard to Muslims and certain historical grievances play a part in the development of radicalisation (Murshed and Pavan, 2009). There have also been instances where opportunistic politicians in Western Europe have created hatred amongst the majority and minority communities, producing a backlash. Racism and anti Muslim immigration has also been seen as a driver for the radicalisation process, All over Western Europe there has been growth in single issue, anti-immigrant, especially anti-Muslim immigrant partiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦racist messages that breed fear of minorities like Muslims, can emanate from attention seeking politicians, who campaign on a single issue that scapegoat a particular group for all of societys ills (crime, unemployment and so on) (Murshed and Pavan, 2009). Socio-economic deprivation, low education and unemployment have been one of the most common explanations for radicalisation. Statistics show that Muslims, compared to other religious groups, have the highest rates of unemployment, high prison population and poor housing facilities (Awan, 2007:211). However Sageman (2004) does not accept this explanation of radicalisation. He mentions that out of the 172 biographies of Salafi-Jihadists he examined, over 60 percent were well educated and a high proportion of them were professionals and most had semi-skilled occupations. Another interesting illustration of the radicalisation process in British Muslims is given by McRoy (2006). He suggests that there has been a systematic radicalisation in British Muslims mainly due to a number of incidents or events starting from 1988 with the controversial and anti-Islamic book, The Satanic Verses. The publication of Salman Rushdies book The Satanic Verses in 1988 was the defining watershed for British Muslim Identity and activism (McRoy, 2006:10). The book was publically burned in Birmingham, giving very strong signs of radical behaviour. The second major event was the Gulf Crisis of 1992-93, when Iraq invaded Kuwait, which was seen as an anti-imperialist action by Iraq. And when Britain supported the war against Iraq whilst rejecting similar action to end the Israeli occupation of Palestine, it created more hatred towards the West and Muslims felt that the West had double standards when it came to helping out Muslims. And then came the Bosnian Crisis, when Muslims lost faith in the West and this fuelled radicalisation amongst British Muslims (McRoy, 2006). It is almost impossible to say with certainty what the causes of radicalisation are, as it is difficult to know whether a factor is instrumental or merely present. It is more helpful to think about radicalising agents- factors which are present and appear frequently across different cases, for example, key places, charismatic leaders, relationship links, experiences and assumed grievances (Briggs and Birdwell, 2009). As we have seen in the literature, there are many reasons scholars have stated for the radicalisation process. Religious ideology (Salafi-Jihadi), political ideology, social bonds, perceived injustices against Muslims around the world (Bosnia, Kashmir, and Palestine), Western foreign policy, influence by charismatic leaders, poverty and deprivation, low education, unemployment, identity politics, racism, anti- Muslim immigration and so on. Having understood that the radicalisation process can occur by any of these reasons or factors, for the purpose of this research I shall look into another factor that has not been given the attention and importance it deserves by many Western governments, that is radicalisation and violence caused by state power or by the policies which are developed for countering radicalisation and violence. How the UK counter terrorism policies have impacted on radicalising individuals in the UK. It is surprising why the UK government and the intelligence committees, while assessing the effectiveness of the counter-terrorism policies, did not acknowledge the potentially damaging effect counter-terrorism measures themselves can have in contributing to radicalisation (Blick et al, 2006). When we say counter terrorism policies it implies both domestic and foreign policies for the purpose of this research. Although there has been literature regarding this aspect, but this factor (state-power) has rare ly been treated as an independent factor which added to other factors could also perpetuate or contribute to the radicalisation process. I am undertaking this research to contribute to the growing literature in this area. Chapter 2: Policy Development and UK Counter terrorism strategy: If we look at UKs history in creating coercive counter terrorism laws, which targeted specific communities, it dates back to 1974, when the Prevention of Terrorism Act (PTA) was introduced, to deal with the Irish political violence (Hillyard, 1993). These laws were targeting the Irish community as a whole and were seen as a cause of the continuity and increase in the scale of the Irish related violence. The PTA established a dual system of justice, where conventional criminals who committed crimes such as murder, rape, theft were tried in the ordinary criminal justice system while a shadow and more draconian system developed to deal with those suspected of Irish terrorism'(Hillyard:1993). However For the purpose of this research, I shall discuss and analyse the legislation and counter terrorism strategies, post September 11th 2001. This chapter is divided into two parts. The first part shall discuss the Counter terrorism strategy (CONTEST) of UK with special reference to the developments after September 11th 2001. The basis of the analysis on the legislation will be drawn from the terrorism act 2000. It will unfold the important components of the anti terror legislation through the analysis of CONTEST. The second part will focus on how this counter terrorist strategy was developed and the sources which have influenced these developments by examining it through a policy transfer model. This chapter will provide a foundation for the remaining part of the research. I. UK Counter terrorism strategy (CONTEST) There are five major pieces of legislation in the UK to combat terrorism, and these legislations and laws are the foundation of the CONTEST. They are Terrorism act 2000; Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001; The Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005; The Terrorism Act 2006 and The Counter-Terrorism Act 2008. The UKs Counter-terrorism strategy knows as CONTEST, has been in existence since 2003 but was first published in 2006 and revised in 2009 to acknowledge the changing threat of terrorism (HM Government, 2009). The strategy has four elements- the four Ps: Pursue, Prevent, Protect and Prepare. For the purpose of this research I shall discuss the Pursue and Prevent elements of the CONTEST. Pursue, is the most important priority for the government because it deals with stopping terrorist attacks. The pursue element of CONTEST aims to reduce the terrorist threat to the UK and UK interests overseas through the detection and investigation of terrorist networks and the disruption of their activities (HM Government, 2009:61). The Pursue element of CONTEST is intelligence led and it aims at close coordination and collaboration of domestic police and intelligence agencies as well as international agencies. This intelligence gathering is used to disrupt terrorists, by the use of prosecution as the first option but if that is not possible then other options like, deportation, control orders, freezing and seizing financial assets and proscription of organisations, can be used as alternative means. Successful prosecution in the courts, based on gathering the necessary evidence and apprehending those involved in planning acts of terrorism before they can carry out their intentions is the preferred method of disrupting terrorist activities according to CONTEST (HM Government, 2006:20). In facilitating the prosecution of suspected terrorists, section 44 of the Terrorism act 2000 extended the police powers of stop and search, which were widely and sometimes disproportionately used as a component of the pursue element of CONTEST. According to section 44, a senior police officer may specify or designate areas or places in which an officer may stop and search vehicles, drivers or pedestrians on suspicion of being involved or aiming to carry out terrorist activity (Terrorism Act, 2000 online: http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts2000/pdf/ukpga_20000011_en.pdf) These stop and search powers of the police have been very controversial and are disproportionately used against some communities. In 2004-2005 police stopped and searched 35,800 pedestrians, vehicles and occupants under section 44 and arrested only 455 people (just over 1 percent of those stopped). Very few of these 1% arrested, relate to terrorism. This law has been targeting Asians communities and has created a wedge between community relations which has dangerous consequences (Blick, et al 2006). There has always been speculation about the disproportionate use of these stop and search powers on certain communities. On one hand ethnic profiling could be seen as necessary to identify criminals or terrorists, as some people would argue that it is amongst some ethnic groups that terrorists belong. But on the other hand if a terrorist belongs to the Muslim community for example, is it fair to target the whole Muslim community and assume that there are more terrorists amongst them. Or do we need the help of that particular community to identify terrorists. If we target them disproportionately, there is a chance of isolating them and losing that opportunity of winning their support and confidence in order to identify terrorists or criminals. After the September 11th 2001 attacks there was greater collaboration between UK and US police and homeland security departments which led to greater searches. Between 2001 and 2007 there were 205,000 police searches for terrorist related activities in England and Wales. Out of these 205,000 stops and searches there were only 2,571 arrests, just 1 percent of the total (Pantazis and Pemberton, 2009a). Another controversial law is the pre-charge detention. Under section 41 of the Terrorism Act 2000, the police may arrest someone on reasonable suspicion that they are a terrorist and keep them in detention without charge till seven days (Terrorism Act, 2000). Pre-charge detention was further extended to 14 days in 2003 and then to 28 days by the terrorism act 2006, and now it is the highest number of days (pre-charge detention) compared to any democracy in the world (Liberty, 2007). The Joint Committee on Human Rights has noted that preventive detention is not permissible under article 5 (the right to liberty and security of a person) of the European Convention and warned that it could not be introduced without a derogation, which would require the government to claim that the life of the nation is in peril (Blick et al, 2006:48). This 28 day pre-charge detention has been vilified by human rights organisations all over UK. They are of the view that the police dont need 28 days to investigate someone on suspicion of terrorist activities. Between the time the pre-charge detention for 28 days was passed and October 2007, there were 204 arrests under the terrorism act. Out of 204 suspects only 11 were detained for more than 14 days. Eight of these were charged and three were released without charge (Liberty, 2007). This shows how14 days are more than sufficient for investigating suspected terrorists. The Terrorism Act 2000 gives the home secretary the power to proscribe groups involved in terrorism, and membership of a proscribed group is illegal. By 2009, 59 terrorist groups were proscribed by this act, including 14 groups belonging to Northern Ireland (HM Government, 2009). The 2006 terrorism act also makes it a criminal offense to encourage terrorism directly or indirectly inciting or encouraging others to commit acts of terrorism. This includes an offense of the glorification of terror- people who praise or celebrate terrorism in a way that may encourage others to commit a terrorist act. The maximum penalty is seven years imprisonment (Guardian, 2010: http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/libertycentral/2009/jan/19/terrorism-act-2006). Many political groups and organisations are banned as a result of the pursue element of CONTEST, granted by the terrorism act 2000. A range of activities, including non violent activities of some of these groups, whose aims are geographical and political with regards to internal strife and conflict in their home countries such as Kurdistan, Sri Lanka, and Kashmir are banned and criminalized. These groups have connections to minority ethnic and refugee communities in UK. Supporting and even attending meetings of these groups is banned (Pantazis and Pemberton, 2009a). Some of these groups are not terrorist organisations but aim to over throw their local governments due to oppression and violence against them. Are we not limiting the freedom of expression through the use of these coercive measures? The UK has always been seen as a champion of the freedom of expression and the freedom of speech, but it is not true any more. The 2001 Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act (ATCSA), which was introduced as a result of the September 11th attacks, led to new measures on asset freezing, account monitoring and cash seizures (HM Government, 2009). The 2008 Counter-Terrorism Act further strengthens police investigatory powers by introducing post-charge interviews. Other measures have been introduced to deal with suspected terrorists who cannot be prosecuted. There are control orders, created by the 2005 Prevention of Terrorism Act, for individuals suspected of posing a terrorist risk but for whom a trial or deportation is considered impossible. These place indefinite and severe restrictions on an individuals movement, communication and associations through curfew, tagging and surveillance. They have proven to be among the most controversial of measures because they require no finding of guilt by the courts (Pantazis and Pemberton, 2009b). The Prevent element of CONTEST is concerned with radicalisation of individuals and how to stop them from becoming terrorists. The aim of the prevent element is to stop radicalisation, reducing support for terrorism and discouraging people from becoming terrorists (HM Government, 2009:83). In order to understand how this strategy works I shall look into the definition of terrorism, provided by the terrorism act 2000, around which all these laws and legislations are established. But the Irony is that the definition of terrorism provided by the government is so broad, that it includes a lot of non-violent activity, threats or acts of serious violence against a person, damage to property and serious disruption of an electronic system as well as acts that create a serious risk to the health or safety of persons, whenever such acts or threats are made for the purpose of advancing a political, ideological or religious cause (Terrorism Act 2000, online) This definition gives the police and law enforcement agencies too much discretion. Many legitimate gatherings can be targeted by the use of this definition. For example, for several years cyclists have taken to the streets in cities around the world. The aim of the gatherings has been described as to reclaim the streets. However due to such a huge number of participants these rides can seriously disrupts traffic and can be said to pose danger to the health and safety of cyclists as well as other road users. They can also intimidate a section of the public; they arguably fall within the definition of terrorism (ARTICLE 19, 2006). The important components of the prevent element of CONTEST (HM Government, 2009) involves, challenging the ideology behind violent extremism and supporting moderate Muslim scholars and influential voices in order to defy the extremist ideology. Disrupting those who promote violent extremism and supporting the places where they operate. According to the government, the radicaliser is as important as the radicalised. Therefore using the powers under the 2006 terrorism act, the police will prosecute those who encourage or glorify terrorism and take action against the places where they operate. Supporting ind

Assess the part played by socialisation in the development of gender roles and identities

My scorn-bound edition of Chambers Concise defines socialisation as â€Å"the act or process of socialising: the process by which infants and young children become aware of society and their relationship with others1† Haralambos and Holborn2 are more comprehensive in their definition: socialisation applies to individuals and is a collection of lifelong actions and changes. Social studies of socialisation's impact upon gender roles and identities have been carried out in the modern western world3 and amongst the less densely populated and differing culture of the tribespeople of New Guinea4. The purchasing of toys, clothes, linguistic application and the direction to specified acts of play have been interpreted by Ann Oakley as culturally produced. Margaret Mead concluded from the behaviour of the three tribes she studied, that cultural choice was the driving factor with reference to adoption of gender-active norms and values. This social construct is proceeded by physical construction: obligatory nine month stay in the womb, gene-penning and receiving delivery of testosterone or oestrogen. Goldberg5 and Wilson are proponents of the view that biological determinism has a part to play, with relation to chemical influence on passive/aggressive behavioural development, and on the varying abilities of the sexes. Genetic instruction Wilson types, means men are more promiscuous due to evolutionary related urges and that women are more involved in child-care. 6 Those social scientists putting forward the importance of the ‘nature' perspective in this area are of number and both Talcott Parsons and John Bowlby have put forward sensible arguments. In this spaces, I hope to communicate my fine understanding of gender roles, identities and the evolution of, rather than biology, present here only because of the enhanced visibility of the matter. Ann Oakley3 whom I mentioned earlier based her findings on a study by Ruth Hartley around infants in a contemporary trading communities. Oakley wrote that at a young age, children's self-concept was affected through a childwear fashion manipulation. This adherence to bigger cultural norms is further expanded upon with the over-suggested direction in relation to playthings and the passive/aggressive (or submissive/dominant) images they bring. This closure of activity choice leads to a path of exposure to activity, one that is pre-defined according to stereotypes with a cautious ward glance according to gender identify. With mother and father is another primary socialiser – a black box window which brings sounds and pictures from the world around. â€Å"Television: comforter, nurturer, provider7† D. M. Meehan's study of shows like Dynasty and Dallas detected ten female character types, divided into roles that were good (submissive, sensitive and domesticated) or bad (rebellious, independent and selfish). This content analysis study of fiction serials8 brings to light the low-brow targeting of the shows, the addictive nature of the message (as the ‘soap opera/drama' form intends) is one of stagnation, gender identity is enforced by advice of repetition to the same message. In the real world, bra-burning doesn't exist as part of Women's Liberation, rape is treated sensationally and given too much word count : one wonders of the extent to which the media folk set the agenda, correlating improvement in purchases of automobiles. Women's media too, deals with ‘soft news' (such as family and fashion). This most public of images is the ideology the child finds in doctor's waiting rooms when out of comic books or toys to play with, and their views of the world are further preformed. Not that comicbooklets are much better with reference to representation. Alan Moores semiological analysis9 has findings in common with Meehans. In US comicbooklets, male characters are often ubermensch, attention centre and the only purpose of a woman in a comic is to be ‘rescued': a convenient plot device, they constantly divert the superheroes attention from worthier matters. Female characters who are strong (as with younger characters) are mere appendixes to their male counterparts- in the days of Moore's study Batwoman, Batgirl, Spiderwoman, Supergirl, WonderWoman and She-Hulk were most devoid of any personality that singled them out as fully constructed characters. A study of the teenage girls magazine ‘Jackie' found results which Angela McRobbie refers to as ‘the ideology of romance'10 : connotive and denotive casting spells of a restricted house based future, moving to marriage and child bearing and rearing. The quest for (wealthy pop media idol) boys paints on a culture of feminity to which digression is prevented and reinforced by labelling. Oakley's findings are backed up by two major studies of comprehensive school age. Sharpe11 found priorities and concerns relating to matters of â€Å"love, marriage, husbands, children, jobs and careers, more or less in that order†. A similar study ten years later, of roughly a hundred 15-16 year olds from a bigger variation of class and ethnicity got a somewhat similar result12. Hartnett, although not scribing specifically of teenage years puts forward the idea of a system whereby gender roles are shared out as sex-roles. Gender divisions are created by the assignment of quite opposite personality traits, uneven distribution of activity and social value, which accompanies this. 13 A hundred years ago, Engels14 observed many disturbing elements of the ‘traditional' family life which in the past number of decades those of the Marxist-Feminist Perspective have found recurring. The connections between patriarchy and the labour system are too pervading during the attempt to form gender norms and values. The impact of domestic labour on capitalist economy shows the girls the map to the kitchen while the ideological role family provides society, conditions the lads off to the factory15. The development of these gender roles and identities is as the marker is no doubt aware, annoyingly pessimistic, in as far as the bulk of the writings. Many of the studies on these matters are by women and the imbalance is. Anna Pollert's report on working classes is a far more encouraging scales balance. Pollert print is of the transit of women to manual labour, â€Å"immediately painfully aware of the dehumanisation, the mind-destroying emptiness of their jobs†16 Pollert states that chaps readily embrace employment, and are by default blind to this effect. Returning to biological relativity (for the time of a paragraph) and the impact of gender based identity adoption, Seligman stalks the passive and submissive element to find out that they have ‘learnt helplessness'. Seligman attempts a through connection that implies the encouragement of acts of dependency are appropriate values for a women. That women are culturally prepared to diffuse stress through the act of sharing is backed up by cultural-behavioural analyses and gender differentials in mortality and morbidity. 17 The dull, tedious nature of housework is also often fulfilling, and Oakley comments upon how there is little prestige to the work and role and a lack of bargaining power, Many married woman would agree with Oakley18 although views are constantly changing19 as the years do. The conclusion of symmetrical role balance20 (and thus symmetrical role identity) is one which Oakley solidly opposes, mostly on the grounds of it's financial intimations. The labour-family issue is riddled with colourful concepts, valid and imaginative. J. Stacey's postmodernist approach is favoured by this author, family and marriage based on relationship needs21. Views are valid regarding individual selection. Social action, social positivism. The power of suggestion. Few community analysts are absolute in their judgements, open to questioning their own theories, findings and interpretations. Critics are never rare. There are a number of challengers to these documentations of gender identity. The area of ‘Masculinity' is of primary interest as it is one that suffers from overlook in the social studies foremost represented. I've already covered men's identities as boys in earlier pages of this assignment, so I'll proceed directly to the part of education, central to the role of socialisation as it is. Marsha Jones in Sociology Review a few years back noted that equal opportunities have been so implemented that researcher concerns now focus upon the lack of educational achievement amongst boys. Jones findings are based on a statistical analysis: recent GCSE results and she goes on to comment on an increase in truancy amongst working class boys22. With regards to the tertiary socialiser (the mass media), Moore and his colleague, the unique Dave Sim23 have often noted that male entertainment media teaches that ‘character only comes through conflict'. With a patriarchy n place and males behind the camera and in front of it, this quote from W. Farrell's ‘The Myth of Male Power' could as easily apply, â€Å"It has been mainly men who have died for their country – and they have had little choice in the matter. Men do the worst jobs: they dies sooner: their lives are given less value (women and children come first): they suffer legal discrimination (eg. Custody of children): their traditional role of breadwinner is misleadingly called ‘power' (power is about the ability to control one's life, not the obligation to earn money)> Men have been opposed and damaged by gender roles. The wound that unifies all men is their disposability: as soldiers, workers, fathers. â€Å"24 As women are encouraged to go from education to domestic life quickly, men are expected to go from secondary level education to work just as fast. With regards to family, modern scientific revelations in the media, have built a social construct that whispers to man that biologically they are becoming obsolete, as sperm donators. Rising divorce rates and separation rates have meant lone parents. Rising divorce rates and separation rates have meant lone parents and absentee fathers , hardly cause for surprise when traditional roles are weighed up. ‘Feckless Fathers' who refuse to pay child support, adherents to the New Right policies police them as demons for the binding. 25 At the workplace, there is a decline of manual labour and the consequent increase in unemployment for working class men. Perhaps this is a result of women's greater visibility there, coupled with man's desire to make more of his short life, were he is expected to remain silent about his problems. â€Å"What? † I whisperscreamed in a public restaurant today, reading of D. Thomas â€Å"Not Guilty†26. In Britain in 1991, 3,007 men committed suicide (compared with 886 women, if comparison matters). Thomas goes onto calculate that males live lives 7% shorter than those of women. I find that bloody scary. Looking back to thirty years ago, the following attitudes were on that basis much more bleeding scarier and very very ugly. S. Brownmiller writing in 1975 finds â€Å"a pattern of coercive sexuality† were rape is a conscious conspiracy on the part of the male collective to keep all women in a state of fear27. Although statistical figures back up findings of domestic violence, such radical feminist outlooks in the seventies depicted men as a sex as monsters or oppressors. (Radical as Radical-militant-extremist). Around this time, Tolson identifies a ‘crisis of masculinity', with males uncertain relating to their roles, and their cause containing ‘contradictions and turmoils28'. A. Dworkin in her study of porn found that it reinforced the ‘myth' that women like to be dominated by men. There are however feminists who have taken different positions and advocate the pleasure gained from pornography and too, erotic displays. Dworkin attempts to form a causal link with domestic violence. Sadly plausible I guess estimate, but her statement that porn's social impact desensitises men is valid though somewhat one-sided29. The following year, saw two more important commentaries and studies, which seem to indicate both genders advocating a wiser and stronger approach. Coote and Campbell30 addressed feminist calls to embrace ‘heterosexual chauvinism' or ‘separatism' by pointing out that those roles were as trappings. The aim of a ‘self-determining sexuality' was given, with sexual preference and lifestyle down to individual choice. Goode31 states that most men were genuinely surprised by the discontent of women and slowly started adjusting to changing gender roles. Margaret Thatcher, the most powerful visible female role model in the UK had at this point begun to hint at her own secret agendas, lunacie, and sent masses of male troops off to the Falkland Islands to die. The final decade of the eighties saw sociological theory based on good research get into the intricacies of observing and observable gender norms and values. Carrigan et al32 identify hegemonic and subordinate masculine image in dominance. Wolf exposes the false ideology that is the beauty myth and it's damaging effects such as the creation of inferiority complexes among older women. With the 1990s only recently ended, I am unable to form quite as crystallised a picture of gender socialisation developing as the years prior. At this point, I have no new studies to mention that haven't already been mentioned in this chronology of gender norms and values. However, Farrell in his 1992 work suggests that that the world is both patriarchal and matriarchal and I quote a weighty note of advanced healthier optimism, â€Å"What we need is not a women's movement or a men's movement but a gender transition movement† As strong a signalling for positive socialisation if ever I've read one.